The Spatial and Temporal Variability Physicochemical Seawater Parameter in Dangli Island of Langkawi, Malaysia

Nurul Hidayah Rosmee; Jamil Tajam; Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak; Sabiha Hanim Saleh; Aileen Shau Hwai Tan; Khairul Naim Abd. Aziz; Md Nizam Ismail

doi:10.56532/mjsat.v6iS1.803

Authors

Nurul Hidayah Rosmee Marine Research Station (MARES), Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
Jamil Tajam Marine Research Station (MARES), Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8750-5161
Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
Sabiha Hanim Saleh School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6517-4771
Aileen Shau Hwai Tan Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
Khairul Naim Abd. Aziz Marine Research Station (MARES), Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3722-3107
Md Nizam Ismail Fisheries Research Institute, 11960, Batu Maung, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4070-1744

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56532/mjsat.v6iS1.803

Keywords:

Physico-chemical parameter, Seawater, Seasonal, Dangli Island

Abstract

Marine environments that are subjected to seasonal changes are increasingly exposed to various factors, such as water pollution, climate change, coastal development, and human impacts. Therefore, this study examined seasonal changes in the main physicochemical parameters of seawater around Dangli Island, Langkawi, Malaysia to better understand the environmental conditions that affect the local marine ecosystem. This study examined seasonal variations in the main physicochemical parameters of seawater such as salinity, temperature, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), Total Ammoniacal Nitrogen (TAN), and Orthophosphate (PO₄³⁻) between twelve monitoring stations D1–D12 around Dangli Island during the Southwest and Northwest Monsoons. The results showed a significant difference between the Southwest Monsoon (SWM) season, which exhibited higher salinity up to 31.16 ppt, temperature up to 30.62°C, and conductivity, while the Northwest Monsoon (NEM) was recorded with cooler temperatures as low as 28.73°C and a slight increase in dissolved oxygen in some areas. This phenomenon causes the ocean to absorb CO₂ and control ocean acidification. Warmer waters during NEM can reduce CO₂ solubility, while cooler, oxygen-rich SWM conditions increase CO₂ uptake, potentially increasing acidification. By studying and understanding how these seasonal conditions affect ocean chemistry, it can help assess the long-term impacts of climate change on the marine environment of Dangli Island and allow us to prepare early conservation strategies for the future. These factors can be influenced by seasonal variations and upwelling phenomena. Two-way ANOVA results demonstrated that all physicochemical parameters have no significant difference between sampling stations (p > 0.05). In addition, there have high significant differences between monsoon seasons (p < 0.05) except for conductivity and DO level. The variations in the physicochemical properties of seawater around Dangli Island reveal the influences of rainfall, river discharges, and upwelling phenomenon on stratification shifts that show the differences in the distribution of seawater physicochemical parameters. These findings also provide valuable insights and help to conserve the marine environment, offering a basis for future research and environmental management strategies around Dangli Island.

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